Members

Additional elements in type definition (class, record, union)

• (Event)

• Method

• Property

• Indexed property

• Operator overload

Static and instance members

Static member: static member member-name ....

Instance member:

• Concrete member: member self-identifier.member-name ...

• Abstract member: abstract member member-name: type-signature

• Virtual member = requires 2 declarations

  1. Abstract member

  2. Default implementation: default self-identifier.member-name ...

• Override virtual member: override self-identifier.member-name ...

☝ member-name in PascalCase (.NET convention)

☝ No protected member !

Self-identifier

• In C♯, Java, TypeScript : this

• In VB : Me

• In F♯ : we can choose → this, self, me, any valid identifier...

Declaration:

1. For the primary constructor❗: with as → type MyClass() as self = ...

   • ⚠️ Can be costly

2. For a member: member me.Introduce() = printfn $"Hi, I'm {me.Name}"

3. For a member not using it: with _ (since F♯ 6) → member _.Hi() = printfn "Hi!"

Call a member

Calling a static member → Prefix with the type name: type-name.static-member-name

Calling an instance member inside the type → Prefix with self-identifier: self-identifier.instance-member-name

Call an instance member from outside the type → Prefix with instance-name: instance-name.instance-member-name

Method

≃ Function attached directly to a type

2 forms of parameter declaration:

1. Curried parameters = FP style

2. Parameters in tuple = OOP style

   • Better interop with C♯

   • Only mode allowed for constructors

   • Support named, optional, arrayed parameters

   • Support overloads

// (1) Tuple form (the most classic)
type Product = { SKU: string; Price: float } with
    member this.TupleTotal(qty, discount) =
        (this.Price * float qty) - discount  // (A)

// (2) Curried form
type Product' =
    { SKU: string; Price: float }
    member me.CurriedTotal qty discount =
        (me.Price * float qty) - discount  // (B)

☝ with required in ① but not in ② because of indentation → end can end the block started with with (not recommended)

☝ this.Price Ⓐ and me.Price Ⓑ → Access to instance via self-identifier defined by member

Named arguments

Calls a tuplified method by specifying parameter names:

type SpeedingTicket() =
    member _.SpeedExcess(speed: int, limit: int) =
        speed - limit

    member x.CalculateFine() =
        if x.SpeedExcess(limit = 55, speed = 70) < 20 then 50.0 else 100.0

Useful for :

• Clarify a usage for the reader or compiler (in case of overloads)

• Choose the order of arguments

• specify only certain arguments, the others being optional

☝ Arguments after a named argument are necessarily named too.

Optional parameters

Allows you to call a tuplified method (including constructors) without specifying all the parameters.

Optional parameter:

• Declared with ? in front of its name → ?arg1: int

• In the body of the method, wrapped in an Option → arg1: int option

  • You can use defaultArg to specify the default value

  • But the default value does not appear in the signature!

When the method is called, the argument can be specified either:

• Directly in its type → Method(arg1 = 1)

• Wrapped in an Option if named with prefix ? → Method(?arg1 = Some 1)

☝ Other syntax for interop .NET: [<Optional; DefaultParameterValue(...)>] arg

Example:

type DuplexType = Full | Half

type Connection(?rate: int, ?duplex: DuplexType, ?parity: bool) =
    let duplex = defaultArg duplex Full
    let parity = defaultArg parity false
    let defaultRate = match duplex with Full -> 9600 | Half -> 4800
    let rate = defaultArg rate defaultRate
    do printfn "Baud Rate: %d - Duplex: %A - Parity: %b" rate duplex parity

let conn1 = Connection(duplex = Full)
let conn2 = Connection(?duplex = Some Half)
let conn3 = Connection(300, Half, true)

☝ Notice the shadowing of parameters by variables of the same name let parity (* bool *) = defaultArg parity (* bool option *) Full

.NET optional parameters

There is another possibility to declare optional parameters, based on attributes. It's less handy but required for .NET interop or for using other attributes on parameters.

[<Optional; DefaultParameterValue(...)>] arg

The Optional and DefaultParameterValue attributes are available in open System.Runtime.InteropServices.

Example: tracing the call to a function by retrieving its name from the CallerMemberName attribute in System.Runtime.CompilerServices (*)

open System.Runtime.CompilerServices
open System.Runtime.InteropServices

type Tracer() =
    static member trace(message: string,
                [<CallerMemberName; Optional; DefaultParameterValue("")>] memberName: string,
                [<CallerFilePath; Optional; DefaultParameterValue("")>] path: string,
                [<CallerLineNumber; Optional; DefaultParameterValue(0)>] line: int) =
        printfn $"Message: {message}"
        printfn $"Member name: {memberName}"
        printfn $"Source file path: {path}"
        printfn $"Source line number: {line}"

open type Tracer

let main() =
    trace "foo"

main();;
// Message: foo
// Member name: main
// Source file path: C:\Users\xxx\stdin
// Source line number: 18

(*) Documentation 🔗 : Caller information - F# | Microsoft Docs

Using |> pipe operator

You can use |> with a method with:

• 1 parameter

• 2 parameters, the last of which is .NET optional

open System.Runtime.InteropServices

type LogLevel =
    | Trace = 1
    | Error = 2

type Logger() =
    member _.Log(message: string, [<Optional; DefaultParameterValue(LogLevel.Trace)>] level: LogLevel) =
        printfn $"[{level}] {message}"

let logger = Logger()

"My message" |> logger.Log
// > [Trace] My message

💡 If we want a 3rd parameter, we have to write a sub-lambda, like currying the function ourselves:

// ...
type Logger() =
    // ...
    member this.LogFrom(origin: string, [<Optional; DefaultParameterValue(LogLevel.Trace)>] level: LogLevel) =
        fun message -> this.Log($"Origin: {origin} | {message}", level)

let logger = Logger()

"Mon message" |> logger.LogFrom "Root"
// > [Trace] Origin: Root | Mon message

Parameter array

Allows you to specify a variable number of parameters of the same type → Via System.ParamArray attribute on last method argument

open System

type MathHelper() =
    static member Max([<ParamArray>] items) =
        items |> Array.max

let x = MathHelper.Max(1, 2, 4, 5)  // 5

💡 Equivalent of C♯ public static T Max<T>(params T[] items)

Call C♯ method TryXxx()

❓ How to call in F♯ a C♯ method bool TryXxx(args, out T outputArg)? (Example: int.TryParse, IDictionnary::TryGetValue)

• 👎 Use F♯ equivalent of out outputArg but use mutation 😵

• ✅ Do not specify outputArg argument

  • Change return type to tuple bool * T

  • outputArg becomes the 2nd element of this tuple

  match System.Int32.TryParse text with
  | true, i  -> printf $"It's the number {value}."
  | false, _ -> printf $"{text} is not a number."

Call method Xxx(tuple)

❓ How do you call a method whose 1st parameter is itself a tuple?!

Let's try:

let friendsLocation = Map.ofList [ (0,0), "Peter" ; (1,0), "Jane" ]
// Map<(int * int), string>
let peter = friendsLocation.TryGetValue (0,0)
// 💥 Error FS0001: expression supposed to have type `int * int`, not `int`.

💡 Explanations: TryGetValue(0,0) = method call in tuplified mode → Specifies 2 parameters, 0 and 0. → 0 is an int whereas we expect an int * int tuple!

Solutions

1. 😕 Backward pipe, but also confusing

   • friendsLocation.TryGetValue <| (0,0)

2. 👌 Double parentheses, but confusing syntax

   • friendsLocation.TryGetValue((0,0))

3. ✅ Use a function rather than a method

   • friendsLocation |> Map.tryFind (0,0)

Method vs Function

Feature	Function	Curried method	Tuplified method
Partial application	✅ yes	✅ yes	❌ no
Named arguments	❌ no	❌ no	✅ yes
Optional parameters	❌ no	❌ no	✅ yes
Params array	❌ no	❌ no	✅ yes
Overload	❌ no	❌ no	✅ yes 1️⃣

Notes

1️⃣ If possible, prefer optional parameters to overloads.

2️⃣ Declaration order:

• Methods generally don't need to follow the top-down compilation rule.

• But it's required in the case of generic members → See https://stackoverflow.com/q/66358718/8634147
• We recommend declaring members from top to bottom, to ensure consistency with the rest of the code.

Method vs Function (2)

Feature	Function	Static method	Instance method
Naming	camelCase	PascalCase	PascalCase
Support of inline	✅ yes	✅ yes	✅ yes
Recursive	✅ if rec	✅ yes	✅ yes
Inference of x in	f x → ✅ yes	K.M x → ✅ yes	x.M() → ❌ no
Can be passed as argument	✅ yes : g f	✅ yes : g T.M	❌ no : g x.M 1️⃣

1️⃣ Alternatives: → F♯ 8: shorthand members → g _.M() → Wrap in lambda → g (fun x -> x.M())

Static methods vs companion module

Companion module is more idiomatic → default choice.

Static methods are interesting in some use cases:

• Usage easier due to optional parameters 1️⃣

• Usage more readable due to named arguments 3️⃣

• Usage terser to instanciate record with several fields:

  • Depending on your use of Fantomas and its configuration, multi-line record expression can be verbose

  • A factory method call is usually formatted in a single line, hence terser. 2️⃣

  • When field labels are necessary for code clarity, we can use named arguments.

• Record expressions can be ambiguous: we are not sure of which type it is.

  • A factory method can help resolve ambiguity: we force to use it qualified, hence the type is explicit.

type PersonName =
    { FirstName  : string
      MiddleName : string option
      LastName   : string }
    
    static member Create(firstName, lastName, ?middleName) =
      { FirstName  = firstName
        MiddleName = middleName
        LastName   = lastName }

// 1️⃣ no middleName
let johnDoe = PersonName.Create("John", "Doe")

// 2️⃣ multi-line → single-line
let jfk' =
    { FirstName  = "John"
      MiddleName = Some "Fitzgerald"
      LastName   = "Kennedy" }
// vs
let jfk = PersonName.Create("John", "Fitzgerald", "Kennedy")

// 3️⃣ Named arguments
let pierreLaurent = PersonName.Create(firstName = "Pierre", lastName = "Laurent")

Properties

≃ Syntactic sugar hiding a getter and/or a setter → Allows the property to be used as if it were a field

There are 2 base ways to declare a property:

Getter

member this.Property = expression using this

☝ The expression is evaluated on each call.

Example:

type Person = { FirstName: string; LastName: string } with
    member it.FullName = $"{it.LastName.ToUpper()} {it.FirstName}"

let joe = { FirstName = "Joe"; LastName = "Dalton" }
let s = joe.FullName  // "DALTON Joe"

member _.Property = expression involving side-effect

☝ This kind of property is generally not recommended. Prefer a method.

type Generator() =
    let random = new System.Random()
    // ❌ Avoid
    member _.NextValue = random.Next()
    // ✅ Prefer
    member _.Next() = random.Next()

Automatic property

Automatic because a backing field is generated by the compiler.

Use case	Syntax	Equivalent in C♯
Read-only	member val Property = value	public Type Property { get; }
Read/write	member val Property = value with get, set	public Type Property { get; set; }

☝ The property returns the same value on each call, mutation with the setter aside.

Example:

[<Struct>]
type PersonName(first: string, last: string) =
    member val First = first
    member val Last = last
    member val Full = $"{last.ToUpper()} {first}"

let joe = PersonName(first = "Joe", last = "Dalton")
let s = joe.Full  // "DALTON Joe"

☝️ PersonName is immutable and, as a struct📍, has structural equality. It's the OO alternative to records.

Other cases

In other cases, the syntax is verbose: (details). 👉 When possible, prefer methods as they are more explicit.

Properties and pattern matching

⚠️ Properties cannot be deconstructed → Can only participate in pattern matching in when part

type Person = { First: string; Last: string } with
    member this.FullName = // Getter
        $"{this.Last.ToUpper()} {this.First}"

let joe = { First = "Joe"; Last = "Dalton" }
let { First = first } = joe  // val first : string = "Joe"
let { FullName = x } = joe
// 💥 ~~~~~~~~ Error FS0039: undefined record label 'FullName'

let salut =
    match joe with
    | _ when joe.FullName = "DALTON Joe" -> "Salut, Joe !"
    | _ -> "Hello!"
// val salut : string = "Salut, Joe !"

Indexed properties

Allows access by index, as if the class were an array: instance[index] → Interesting for an ordered collection, to hide the implementation

Set up by declaring member Item

member self-identifier.Item
    with get(index) =
        get-member-body
    and set index value =
        set-member-body

💡 Property read-only (write-only) → declare only the getter (setter)

☝ Notice the setter parameters are curried

Example :

type Lang = En | Fr

type DigitLabel() =
    let labels = // Map<Lang, string[]>
        [| (En, [| "zero"; "one"; "two"; "three" |])
           (Fr, [| "zéro"; "un"; "deux"; "trois" |]) |] |> Map.ofArray

    member val Lang = En with get, set

    member me.Item with get i = labels[me.Lang][i]

let digitLabel = DigitLabel()
let v1 = digitLabel[1]     // "one"
digitLabel.Lang <- Fr
let v2 = digitLabel[2]     // "deux"

Slice

Same as indexed property, but with multiple indexes

Declaration: GetSlice(?start, ?end) method (regular or extension)

Usage: .. operator

type Range = { Min: int; Max: int } with
    /// Defines a sub-range - newMin and newMax are optional and ignored if out-of-bounds
    member this.GetSlice(newMin, newMax) =
        { Min = max (defaultArg newMin this.Min) this.Min
        ; Max = min (defaultArg newMax this.Max) this.Max }

let range = { Min = 1; Max = 5 }
let slice1 = range[0..3] // { Min = 1; Max = 3 }
let slice2 = range[2..]  // { Min = 2; Max = 5 }

Operator overload

Operator overloaded possible at 2 levels:

1. In a module, as a function let [inline] (operator-symbols) parameter-list = ...

   • 👉 See session on functions

   • ☝ Limited: only 1 definition possible

2. In a type, as a member static member (operator-symbols) (parameter-list) =

   • Same rules as for function form

   • 👍 Multiple overloads possible (N types × P overloads)

Example:

type Vector(x: float, y: float) =
    member _.X = x
    member _.Y = y

    override me.ToString() =
        let format n = (sprintf "%+.1f" n)
        $"Vector (X: {format me.X}, Y: {format me.Y})"

    static member (*)(a, v: Vector) = Vector(a * v.X, a * v.Y)
    static member (*)(v: Vector, a) = a * v
    static member (+) (v: Vector, w: Vector) = Vector(v.X + w.X, v.Y + w.Y)
    static member (~-)(v: Vector) = -1.0 * v // 👈 Unary '-' operator

let v1 = Vector(1.0, 2.0)   // Vector (X: +1.0, Y: +2.0)
let v2 = v1 * 2.0           // Vector (X: +2.0, Y: +4.0)
let v3 = 0.75 * v2          // Vector (X: +1.5, Y: +3.0)
let v4 = -v3                // Vector (X: -1.5, Y: -3.0)
let v5 = v1 + v4            // Vector (X: -0.5, Y: -1.0)